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Cross-coupling reactions are foundational in synthetic chemistry: the metal-catalyzed union of an organic electrophile — typically an aryl or vinyl halide — with an organometallic nucleophile to form a new carbon–carbon or carbon–heteroatom bond. They underpin the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, natural products, and organic materials, and three of the chemists who developed the field — Richard Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi, and Akira Suzuki — shared the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work.

Each reaction below has its own page: what it is, its step-by-step catalytic cycle, the general reaction scheme, every worked example from the book with its original literature source, and links to related reactions.

Browse by reaction name

Pd(0)

Buchwald-Hartwig Coupling

Pd-catalyzed C–N (and C–O) coupling for aryl amines

8 examples · C(sp2)–N (or C(sp2)–O)
Cu(I)

Cadiot-Chodkiewicz Coupling

Cu(I)-catalyzed unsymmetrical diyne synthesis

7 examples · C(sp)–C(sp)
Cu(II)

Chan-Evans-Lam Cross-Coupling

Cu-mediated C–N/C–O coupling of boronic acids under mild, base-free conditions

8 examples · C(sp2)–N (or C(sp2)–O)
Pd(0)/Cu(I)

Fukuyama Cross-Coupling

Pd-catalyzed ketone synthesis from thioesters and organozincs

7 examples · C(sp2/sp3, acyl)–C
Pd/C

Fukuyama Reduction

Pd-catalyzed reduction of thioesters to aldehydes

4 examples · C(acyl)–H
Cu(OAc)2

Eglinton Reaction

Cu(II)-mediated oxidative homocoupling of terminal alkynes

2 examples · C(sp)–C(sp)
Cu(I)/O2

Glaser-Eglinton-Hay Coupling

Catalytic Cu(I)/O2 oxidative alkyne homocoupling

4 examples · C(sp)–C(sp)
Pd(0)

Heck Cross-Coupling

Pd-catalyzed coupling of aryl/vinyl halides with alkenes

6 examples · C(sp2)–C(sp2)
Pd(0)

Hiyama Cross-Coupling

Pd-catalyzed, fluoride-activated coupling of organosilanes

6 examples · C(sp2)–C(sp2)
Pd(0)

Hiyama-Denmark Cross-Coupling

Fluoride-free silanol coupling

5 examples · C(sp2)–C(sp2)
Ni(0)/Pd(0)

Kumada Cross-Coupling

Ni/Pd-catalyzed coupling of Grignard reagents

6 examples · C(sp2)–C(sp2/sp3)
Pd(0)/CuTC

Liebeskind-Srogl Cross-Coupling

Cu(I)-assisted, base-free coupling of thioesters/thioethers with boronic acids

6 examples · C(acyl or aryl)–C
Pd(0)

Miyaura Borylation

Pd-catalyzed synthesis of aryl/vinyl boronates from B2pin2

6 examples · C(sp2)–B
Pd(0)/Ni(0)

Negishi Cross-Coupling

Pd/Ni-catalyzed coupling of organozinc reagents

5 examples · C(sp2/sp3)–C(sp2/sp3)
Cr(II)/Ni,Pd

Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi Cross-Coupling

Cr-mediated, Ni/Pd-catalyzed addition of organohalides to aldehydes

5 examples · C–C (new C–OH-bearing stereocenter)
Pd(0)/Cu(I)

Sonogashira Cross-Coupling

Pd/Cu dual-catalyzed coupling of terminal alkynes

6 examples · C(sp2)–C(sp)
Pd(0)

Stille Cross-Coupling

Pd-catalyzed, base-free coupling of organostannanes

6 examples · C(sp2)–C(sp2/sp3)
Pd(0)/CO

Carbonylative Stille Coupling

Stille coupling under CO to give ketones

4 examples · C(acyl)–C
Pd(0)

Suzuki Cross-Coupling

Pd-catalyzed coupling of boronic acids/esters — the most widely used cross-coupling

6 examples · C(sp2)–C(sp2)
Cu(0)/Cu(I)

Ullmann Aryl-Aryl Coupling

Cu-mediated symmetric biaryl synthesis

4 examples · C(sp2)–C(sp2)
Cu(I)

Ullmann Coupling

Cu-catalyzed C–N/C–O/C–S coupling (the Ullmann condensation / Goldberg reaction)

6 examples · C(sp2)–N (or C(sp2)–O, C(sp2)–S)
Cross-Coupling Reactions: Mechanisms and Examples book cover
Textbook · Organic Chemistry

Cross-Coupling Reactions: Mechanisms and Examples

All 21 reactions on this page are drawn from the book — organized by reaction name, with a clear description of each catalytic cycle and real examples from the primary literature.

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